Human Interference Of The Atmosphere - 1156 Words

Greenhouse effect is the process where heat is trapped by greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere to keep the Earth warm. The planet’s atmosphere contains these radiatively active gases, that radiate energy in all direction. Greenhouse gases are already present in the atmosphere; without them the Earth would be significantly cold enough to freeze the oceans. To understand how important and harmful the greenhouse gases can be for the planet, we need to answer these questions. Do extra greenhouse gases upset the Earth’s natural balance and make it even warmer? Is there any extra insertion of the gases in the atmosphere by humans? If so, how significant are the effects? This essay will discuss in detail, the mechanism that†¦show more content†¦How is radiative equilibrium achieved? The global surface temperature averaged over daily and seasonal series, remains constant. Earth surface receives 340 watts/m2 of radiant energy, if the global surface temperature ave raged daily remains constant, therefore Earth’s surface must be radiating out energy precisely 340 watts/m2 into space to keep the surface cool. There are many greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the two most abundant are water vapour and carbon dioxide. Visible light (short wave radiation) passes through the green house gases to reach the Earth’s surface, The Earth surface absorbs short wave radiation, the radiation is then released by the surface in the form of infrared radiation. Only 10% of the infrared radiation released passes through the gases and the atmosphere and escapes. The rest of the infrared radiation is trapped by the greenhouse gases and clouds. What really causes the greenhouse effect? The remaining infrared radiation is trapped by the green house gases. The greenhouse gases in turn reradiates the infrared radiation in all direction. Some of the radiation go into the outer space and some go back to the Earth surface. The continuous cycle of exchange of infrared radiation between the Earth’s surface and the greenhouse gases is called the greenhouse effect. The presence of an atmosphere containing greenhouse gases keeps the Earth surface warm, without an atmosphere like

The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini - 937 Words

Atonement is the focal point of Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner as portrayed through Amir’s guilt, the repercussions of his guilt and his effort to remove this guilt by atoning his sins. From the very start of the book, the reader is made aware of the fact that Amir had unatoned sins, setting the storyline for the book. During a flashback of a phone call between Amir and a family friend, Rahim Khan, Amir mentions the presence of these unatoned sins. The relation of these sins and the thought of atonement is shown through Amir’s thoughts, â€Å"I sat on a park bench near a willow tree. I thought about something Rahim Khan said just before he hung up, almost as an afterthought. There is a way to be good again.† (Hosseini 2) In this moment, the reader is made aware of the books plot. Foreshadowing occurs that shows Amir has unknown sins, he will try to overcome those sins of his past. Throughout The Kite Runner the main character almost constantly endures guilt. The guilt stems off the relationship with Hassan, and his constant battle to not become too close to him because of their social differences alongside the fact that Amir was jealous of Hassan’s relationship with Baba, Amir’s father. The reader can begin to notice Amir’s guilt with the scene in the alleyway between Hassan and Assef, in which Hassan is raped. Amir’s internal struggle of identifying out of his social status is shown through the testing of him while watching Hassan, as he thinks, â€Å"I could step into thatShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini883 Words   |  4 Pagesregret from past encounters and usually feel guilty and bitter about the situation. The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, revolves around the theme of redemption. Redemption can be used as a cure for guilt. Throughout the novel, the author shows that redemption requires some sort of sacrifice and the only way that is possible is if you can forgive yourself from the mistakes you have made in the past. Khaled Hosseini effectively portrays redemption through motifs such as rape, irony and flashbacks, symbolismRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1651 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hosseini describes the life of a boy, Amir. Amir’s best friend and brother (although that part isn’t known until towards the end), Hassan, plays a major role in Amir’s life and how he grows up. Hosseini portrays many sacrifices that are made by Hassan and Amir. Additionally, Amir seeks redemption throughout much of the novel. By using first person point of view, readers are able to connect with Amir and understand his pain and yearning for a way to be redeemedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1655 Words   |  7 PagesSarah Singer Major Works Data Form Title: The Kite Runner Author: Khaled Hosseini Date of Publication: 2003 Genre: Historical Fiction Historical information about the period of publication: Since the September 11th attacks in 2001, the United States has been at war with Afghanistan. Their goals were to remove the Taliban, track down those in charge of the attacks, and destroy Al-Qaeda. Biographical information about the author: Khaled Hosseini was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1965. HIs motherRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1098 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, we learn a lot about Amir the main character, and Hassan his servant/brother. In the beginning Hassan and Amir’s relationship was one of brotherly love despite the fact that Hassan was a Hazara and Amir a Pashtun. Back in the 1970’s race and religion played a big part in Kabul and these two races were not suppose to have relationships unless it was owner (Pashtun) and servant (Hazara). Baba Amir’s father had an affair with Hassan’s mother, but it was kept aRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1313 Words   |  5 Pagesis not unique to just J.K. Rowling. Khaled Hosseini also incorporates life experiences into some of his novels. A prime example of this is The Kite Runner. The storyline of this novel reflects his past to create a journey of a young Afghanistan boy, whose name is Amir. This boy changes drastically throughout his lifetime from a close minded, considerably arrogant boy to an open hearted and minded man. This emotional and mental trip is partially based on Khaled Hosseini’s own life. Throughout Hosseini’sRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1908 Words   |  8 Pages​In the novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner†, written by Khaled Hosseini, was taken place in Afghanistan during the 1970’s to the year of 2002. Many historical events happened during this time period and Hosseini portrayed it into his novel. Kabul, the capitol of Afghanistan, was a free, living area for many Afghanistan families to enjoy the life they were given. Until one day, Afghanistan was then taken over and attacked. In the novel, Amir, the protagonist, must redeem himself and the history behind his actionsRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1050 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"There is a way to be good again.† (Hosseini 334). This quote given by Rahim Khan to Amir holds a great amount of force and symbolism. In theory, this quote symbolizes the beginning of Amir’s path to redemption. The eye-opening Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini tells about the struggles of Afghanistan before and during the Taliban, and one’s struggle for redemption and acceptance. With regards to the opening quote, some see Amir’s actions as selfish. However, others may believe that Amir truly changedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1583 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, Amir, the main character, shares his thoughts and actions due to his poor decisions. The problems he encountered were all because of the sin committed in his youth. His sins taunted the beginning of his life and gave him a troublesome memory full of guilt. As the novel continued, Amir attempted to disengage the memory of his sin and forget about it. Amir then faced the long bumpy road to redemption. Khaled Hosseini’s novel the Kite Runner is about sinRead MoreThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini871 Words   |  4 Pagesthat person is trying to fix that mistake. This also applies to the novel The Kite Runner. The story revolves around the main character Amir, and his childhood friend, Hassan. After Amir came to America with Baba, his father, he still regrets the things he had done to his childhood friend. He left Hassan getting raped by Assef in a small alley in 1975. Thereafter, Amir always feel regret and seeks for redemption. Hosseini -the author, argues that redemption can be achieved by helping others, teachRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini3402 Words   |  14 Pagestitle â€Å"The Kite Runner† is symbolic as fighting kites and the kite runnings are impacting moments in the novel. Hassan was the best kite runner in Kabul, if not the whole country, after Amir won the kite fighting the running of that last blue kite triggered the monumental changes for Amir. For the beginning of the story the kite running was associated with Hassan’s rape and Amir’s grief. As kites appear throughout the story, they begin Amir’s story and also end it. Amir flying the kite with Sohrab

Crowdfunding for Business and Corporations Law -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Crowdfunding for Business and Corporations Law. Answer: Introduction Crowdfunding is a method of financing a project by generating small amount of capital form a large number of peoples. Generally, the method of crowdfunding is used by entrepreneurs who cannot get funding from traditional sources. Crowdfunding method connects entrepreneurs and small financiers via the internet websites. The small financiers include family members, friends, relatives or other interested investors looking for small investments. In Australia, crowdfunding is a relatively modern concept introduced a few years ago. The government has enacted new regulations to promote crowdfunding for the small entrepreneurs. The reason for the growth in crowdfunding popularity is that small entrepreneur has interesting ideas but due to their large number, traditional investors cannot invest in each one of them. This essay will describe the procedure of crowdfunding to Howard Jones and evaluate whether it is better for him than traditional sources. Further, the essay will discuss various theories provided by experts and analyse the role of crowdfunding in various fields. The difference between various countries regulations will also be discussed in the essay. Crowdfunding Mechanism Most of the people have access to the internet which they use for their work, shopping, and entertainment. The modernisation of the internet allows people to learn and build new things. The number of entrepreneurs has grown significantly in past few decades due to the popularity of smartphones and internet-based services. Small businesses also use the internet to reach a larger audience and enchase their operations[1]. Increase in a number of entrepreneurs raises the requirement of funding for their operations. Traditional sources, such as venture capitalists, wholesale investors or banking corporations, cannot invest in all the entrepreneurs which left more of the small businesses without funding. Therefore, the crowdfunding procedure has gained popularity because it connects small entrepreneurs to the public. A large number of people spend a small amount of investment in the entrepreneurs project which helps them raise funding[2]. There are four different types of crowdfunding methods which entrepreneurs select according to their projects requirement. The reward-based method is based upon providing various incentives to the financiers, to attract their funding in the project[3]. Many NGOs uses donation-based crowdfunding procedure which allows people to donate to various social and charitable causes. The equity-based crowdfunding is used by small companies; they provide shares to the financiers as a reward for the investment provided by them. In lending-based crowdfunding, the funding provided by financiers is considered a debt which the company has to repay with interest[4]. To raise funding through crowdfunding method, entrepreneurs are required to follow certain guidelines. The entrepreneurs should provide all the necessary information regarding their project to the potential investors[5]. The information includes various aspects of the project such as price, investment requirement, time frame, specifications and incentives provided by the company to its investors. All such information must be correct and it must be accessible with the offer of crowdfunding. Commercial and Social Example There are various entrepreneurs who have used crowdfunding process to fund their projects. In Australia, there are several online websites which assist entrepreneurs and small businesses to raise funding for their projects such as Indigogo, Kickstarter, GoFundMe, and MyCause[6]. These websites connect public with entrepreneur and help them generate investment. In Australian, many small technology companies have used crowdfunding method to raise funding such as Ninja Block or KoalaSafe. Kickstarter websites help to fund more than 22 thousand entrepreneurs project through crowdfunding which raises more than $500 million in 2014. These online services assist small corporations and entrepreneurs in Australia to raise investment which eventually benefits the economy of the country. Pebble Time is one of the most successful crowdfunding projects that attract a large amount of attention worldwide with their smartwatch. The smartwatch provides various facilities to users such as calling, emails, fitness tracing a much more. The crowdfunding page of Pebble time raised more than $20 million through more than 80 thousand investors over Kickstarter website. Another successful example is Flow Hive, which is an Australian corporation which harvests honey. They introduced a new method of harvesting honey; customers can turn on the tap and fresh honey flow right out. In their Australian based crowdfunding campaign, they raised more than $12 million through public investors. These campaigns prove the significance of crowdfunding method for commercial purposes[7]. Many people and NGO take advantage of crowdfunding method by collecting charities for social causes; a good example is Saving Eliza campaign[8]. Eliza was 4 years old when she suffered from Sanfilippo syndrome. Due to the effects of disease Eliza was not able to feed, talk or walk. The treatment of Eliza costs about $2.5 million, Elizas parents did not have this much money. Elizas father decides to ask for help from the public and uploaded few homemade video of Elizas condition. The money raised online was not enough for Elizas treatment. Those videos were seen by a filmmaker name Benjamin Von Wong, who decided to help Elizas parents. He directed a short film based upon Elizas condition and uploaded it to the internet with a crowdfunding page attached; the movie was called Saving Eliza. People started to raise money for Elizas treatment and currently, the campaign has raised more than $1.8 million[9]. This campaign shows that along with commercial purposes, crowdfunding can be used f or the social and charitable purpose as well. Crowdfunding Regulations There are several examples which show that crowdfunding is beneficial for entrepreneurs and economy of a country. There are several countries that have enacted regulations regarding the crowdfunding procedure to promote its usage. Recently, Australia has also implemented a provision to regulate the procedure of crowdfunding in the country. The Corporations Amendment (Crowd-sourced Funding) Act 2017 has been enacted which provide provisions regarding crowdfunding used by corporations. The regulations are focused on promoting crowdfunding while protecting the people from fraud[10]. The act amends several provisions of Corporations Act 2001 to provide various exemptions to corporations regarding the use of crowdfunding method. Many regulations of Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 have also been amended to provide exemptions to market operators. The act limits financiers from spending more than ten thousand dollars over one crowdfunding project annually[11]. The wholesale investors are not restricted from investing in crowdfunding projects, but their amount of investment has been limited by the law. Corporations having an annual turnover or assets capitalisation below $5 million can raise investment through crowdfunding. In case of other countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, the restriction over crowdfunding project is not available. The Jobs Act 2012 provides regulations regarding the crowdfunding procedure of companies in the United States. The financiers are allowed to spend according to their financial status[12]. Most of the entrepreneurs in the United States use crowdfunding method to raise funding for their unique and different idea. The regulation of crowdfunding is conducted by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the government has introduced equity-based crowdfunding from 2016. According to the market experts in Australia, the regulations restrict entrepreneurs from generating large funding for their original ideas. The successful crowdfunding campaign such as Pebble Time was able to raise a large funding due to the lack of limits. Many experts criticised the regulations of government and provided that they are against the basis provisions of crowdfunding. According to Schulz and Mollica (2015)[13], the limits applied over crowdfunding process will reduce the development of crowdfunding process in Australia as compared to other countries. But, the steps taken by the government will help small entrepreneurs, such as Flow Hive to raise funding for their operations which help in the growth of Australian economy. Observation The popularity of crowdfunding method has grown considerably in between entrepreneurs and Small Corporation. It is a modern method for raising funding for the small projects by entrepreneurs. Many countries have implemented a legislative provision to promote and regulate crowdfunding method which helps in the development of their economy. Australia has also implemented new provision regarding the crowdfunding method to promote it in the country. Many experts have criticised the crowdfunding regulations, but most of them agreed that there was a need for proper legislation over crowdfunding process[14]. Legalising the process makes it trustable in between public which is beneficial for crowdfunding since the public is the key financiers in crowdfunding. While comparing with other countries, the regulations of Australia are relatively strict over the limits of investment. In the United States, crowdfunding policies are comparatively easier which is beneficial for the entrepreneurs. The maximum number of entrepreneurs in the United States uses crowdfunding to generate funding for unique and different projects. In Australia, the small-scale corporations and technology corporations use crowdfunding procedure for investment. Small corporations and entrepreneurs will be benefited by the regulations of crowdfunding procedure which eventually develop the countrys economy. The crowdfunding has benefited small corporations into growing their operations worldwide. Oculus Rift is a good example for understanding the influence of crowdfunding. Oculus VR decided to raise funding for their virtual reality headset called Oculus Rift, which gained a huge amount of attention from the public. The company rose a funding of $2.5 million using crowdfunding process. In 2014, Facebook decided to buy the company to acquire their virtual reality technology for $2 billion[15]. In 2015, the projects of crowdfunding have raised more than $34.4 billion for various entrepreneurs. Australian entrepreneurs are expecting the same enthusiasm from the public as well. There have been few successful crowdfunding campaigns in Australia such as Flow Hive, Ninja Block, and KoalaSafe, but compared to other countries the numbers are significantly low. The provisions established by the Australian government have been criticized but they will assist the progress of crowdfunding in Australia[16]. The regulations are formed to protect the capital of public from scam or fraud, but it restricts genuine entrepreneurs from generating large investment. For future development, the steps of Australian government will improve the countrys economy. Howard Jones has an original idea of increasing the life of batteries, which can be beneficial for a large number of people. Howards idea has potential to generate large amount through crowdfunding procedure. The legislative provisions passed by Australian government will asset Howard in rising large funding. In case of traditional sources, Howard can only collect funding from one method and the large investment corporations prefer to control the decisions of projects in which they invest their capital. Howard can lose the right for making decisions regarding his own company. Crowdfunding will automatically attract interest financiers to invest in Howards project. The decision-making power will also remain with Howard in crowdfunding process. Therefore, Howard should select crowdfunding procedure over traditional sources. Conclusion From the above report, it can be concluded that crowdfunding has gained popularity due to the modernisation of technology. A large number of people are opening their businesses which require funding; the traditional sources of funding are not able to invest in such businesses. Crowdfunding provides an alternative route to entrepreneurs by generating capital from the public. The entrepreneurs and public are connected over online websites, over which the information regarding entrepreneur are available. Interested people can invest a small amount in the project, which later provides various rewards to them. The Australian government has formed various provisions to regulate the procedure of crowdfunding and promote it in the country. Crowdfunding provides capital to entrepreneurs to start their businesses which eventually develop the countrys economy. Howard Jones should select crowdfunding method for generating investment because it provides various rewards to him. Howard will be able to generate large amount through crowdfunding than compared to traditional courses. The power for taking a decision in the project will be available to him; therefore, Howard should select crowdfunding as a method for raising investment. Bibliography Books/Article/Journals Bruton, Garry, et al. "New financial alternatives in seeding entrepreneurship: Microfinance, crowdfunding, and peer?to?peer innovations."Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice39.1 (2015): 9-26. Cordova, Alessandro, Johanna Dolci, and Gianfranco Gianfrate. "The determinants of crowdfunding success: Evidence from technology projects."Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences181 (2015): 115-124. Eastwell, Michelle, Jessica Dale, and Felicity Dunstone. "Crowd-sourced equity funding is coming to Australia."Governance Directions69.7 (2017): 411. Fitzpatrick, Jeff, et al.Business and corporations law. LexisNexis Butterworths, 2011. Frydrych, Denis, et al. "Exploring entrepreneurial legitimacy in reward-based crowdfunding."Venture Capital16.3 (2014): 247-269. Fumagalli, Danielle C., and Arvin M. Gouw. "Focus: Personalized Medicine: Crowdfunding for Personalized Medicine Research."The Yale journal of biology and medicine88.4 (2015): 413. Hui, Julie S., Michael D. Greenberg, and Elizabeth M. Gerber. "Understanding the role of community in crowdfunding work."Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work social computing. ACM, 2014. Khadem, N. "Crowdfunding in Australia a step closer."The Sydney Morning Herald(2014). Manzoor, Amir. "Crowdfunding for Non-Profits."Handbook of Research on Emerging Business Models and Managerial Strategies in the Nonprofit Sector(2017): 152. Mollick, Ethan. "The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study."Journal of business venturing29.1 (2014): 1-16. Royal, Carol, and G. Sampath S. Windsor. "Microfinance, crowdfunding, and sustainability: A case study of telecenters in a South Asian developing country."Strategic Change23.7-8 (2014): 425-438. Stanko, Michael A., and David H. Henard. "How crowdfunding influences innovation."MIT Sloan Management Review57.3 (2016): 15. Stumm, Tony. "The rebirth of crowd funding in Australia!."Governance Directions69.2 (2017): 96. Valanciene, Loreta, and Sima Jegeleviciute. "Valuation of crowdfunding: benefits and drawbacks."Economics and Management 18.1 (2013): 39-48. Weinstein, Ross S. "Crowdfunding in the US and Abroad: What to Expect When You're Expecting."Cornell Int'l LJ46 (2013): 427. Others Schulz, Leigh and Mollica, Domenic. ASK THE EXPERT The regulation of crowdfunding in Australia: where are we and whats to come?. Australian Banking and Finance. Retrieved from https://forms.minterellison.com/files/Uploads/Documents/Publications/Articles/Aus-banking-and-finance-law-bulletin_leigh-schulz-anddomenic-mollica_aug2015.pdf